China has implemented the family planning policy since the 1980s. Population who followed the policy in early years are now at their middle and old ages and families who lost their only child due to various reasons both in terms of the number and their general status have aroused extensive concerns of the society. Using data from the 2010 National Population Census, this report analyses the status of women who lost their only child and the number and characteristics of their families. Besides, in comparison with the characteristics of one-child families, analysis is also conducted on the causes of formation of families that lost their only child and their difficulties. Countermeasures are proposed correspondingly.